The **U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)** is a Cabinet-level executive department of the federal government responsible for managing and conserving the nation’s vast natural resources, public lands, and cultural heritage. Established in 1849, the DOI oversees approximately 20% of U.S. land, including national parks, wildlife refuges, and public lands, as well as managing subsurface minerals and energy resources across more than 2 billion acres including the Outer Continental Shelf[1][2][3]. The DOI’s mission encompasses stewardship of natural resources to benefit the American people, scientific research on natural hazards, and maintaining trust responsibilities to 567 federally recognized Indian tribes and Alaska Native communities. Its bureaus include the National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and others dedicated to resource management, conservation, and cultural preservation[1][2][4][8]. Historically, the department was formed to consolidate diverse domestic functions scattered across other departments, such as Indian Affairs and land management, reflecting the growing federal responsibilities following the Mexican–American War. Over time, some functions were transferred to other agencies, but the DOI remains the primary federal steward of public lands and Indian affairs[3]. Notably, in 2021, Rep. Deb Haaland became the first Native American to serve as Interior Secretary, marking a historic milestone for the department’s leadership[1]. The DOI also plays a critical role in environmental conservation, endangered species protection, water resource management in the Western states, and supplying 30% of the nation’s energy resources, including hydropower[2]. In the context of business and technology, the DOI influences sectors like energy development, mineral extraction, and land-use planning, balancing economic activities with sustainability and environmental stewardship. It also leverages scientific data and technology for resource management, hazard assessment, and tribal partnerships, making it a pivotal agency at the intersection of natura